International Research Journal of Commerce , Arts and Science

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ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN IN THE REIGN OF SHAHJAHAN: JAHAN ARA A CASE STUDY

    1 Author(s):  MAJIDA KHATOON

Vol -  4, Issue- 2 ,         Page(s) : 99 - 105  (2013 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/CASIRJ

Abstract

In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire witnessed developments in all spheres of economy which included agriculture, trade (inland and overseas), industries, banking and monetization or circulation of money. Although trade and commerce of the period was generally the purview of the business community; but there are a number of instances when royal family members and nobles of the state took strong interest in the commercial activities

  1.   . Mishra Rekha, “Women in Mughal India”, (Delhi-1967), P.68.
  2.   . Altekhar.A.S, “The position of women in Hindu civilization”, (Banares-1956), PP.214-17.
  3.   . Fazl Abul, “Ain-i-Akbari”, Eng Tr. H.Blochman, (Delhi-1949), Vol-l, P.46.
  4.       Also Mishra Rehka, PP.60-64.
  5.   . Jahangir, “Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri”, Eng Tr. Alexander Rogers and Edited by Henry Beveridge,
  6.       (Delhi-1974), Vol-l, PP.342, 380. Also Begam Gulbadan, “Humayun Nama”, Eng Tr, Annette
  7.       S.Beveridge, (London-1902), P.111.
  8.   .  Manucci Niccolao, “Storio-do-Mogor”, Eng Tr. W. Irvine, (London-1907), Vol-ll, PP.374-75.
  9.       Pant Chandra, “Nur Jahan and her Family”, (Allahabad-1978), P.112.
  10.    . Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Vol-l,Op.Cit,  P.401
  11.   .  Ibid, P.375, Vol-ll, P.74
  12.   .  Hawkins William, “Early Travels in India”, by Foster William, (Oxford-1921), P.98.
  13.   .  Ibid, P.67n. also Pant Chandra, Op.Cit, PP.150-51.
  14.   . Pelsaert Francisco, “Jahangir’s India The Remonstranite of Francisco Pelsaert”,
  15.       Eng Tr. By Moreland and Geyl, (Cambridge-1925), P.4.
  16.   .  Mishra Rekha, Op.cit, PP.68-70
  17.   .  Lal. K.S, “ The Mughal Harem” (New Delhi-1988), P.122. 
  18.   .  Ibid, P.123.
  19.   .  Hawkins.W, “Early Travel in India”, Op.Cit, P.98.
  20.   .   Ibid, P.118.
  21.   .   Mishra Rekha, Op.Cit, PP.67, 155. 
  22.   .  Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Vol-ll, Op.Cit, P.64.
  23.   .  Saksena Bnarsi Prasad, “History of Shahjahan of Delhi”, (Allahabad-1976), PP.63-64.
  24.   .  Khan Inayat, “Shahjahan Nama”, P.447.
  25.   .  Lahori Abdul Hamid, “Badshah Nama” Persian, Vol-l, Pt-ll, P.51.
  26.   .  Ibid, Vol-l, Pt-l, P.209.
  27.   .  Ibid. Vol-ll, Pt-ll, P.426.
  28.   .  Ibid. Vol-l, Pt-ll, P.51.
  29.   .  Ibid. Vol-ll, Pt.ll, P.582.
  30.   .   Shahjahan Nama, Op.Cit, P.318.
  31.   .  Manucci Niccolao, Vol-l, Op.Cit, P.216.
  32.  .   “Ruka’at-i-Alamgiri or Letters of Aurangzeb”, Eng Tr. By Jamshid H. Bilimoria, Letter
  33.         No.Lxxvi,  (Delhi-2009), P.77.
  34.   .  Tirmizi. S.A.I, “Edict from the Mughal Harem”, (Delhi-1979), PP.104,108.
  35.   .  Ibid, P. 108.
  36.   .  Badshah Nama, Vol-ll, Pt-l, Op.Cit, P.315.
  37.   .  Khan Saqi Must’ad, “Maasir-i-Alamgiri”, Eng Translated and annotated by Sarkar Jadunath
  38.         (Culcutta-1947), PP. 19,46.
  39.   .  Manucci Niccolao, Vol-l, Op.Cit, P.216.        
  40.   .  Bernier Francois, “Travel in the Mughal Empire(1656-1668)”, (New Delhi-1996), P. 280
  41.          Also Manucci N, Vol-l, Op.Cit, P.221.
  42.   .   Ibid, P.281(n).
  43.   .   Tavernier J.B, Vol-l, Op.Cit, P.49.
  44.   .  Khan Khafi, “Muntakhab-ul-Lubab”, Persian, Vol-l, P. 706.
  45.   .  Pant.D, “Commercial Policy of the Mughals”, (Delhi-1978), P.211.
  46.   .   Foster William, “The English Factories in India (1642-45)”, Vol-7, (Oxford-1913),  P.148.
  47.   .   Ibid. P. 148. Also (1646-1650) Vol-8, (Oxford-1914), PP.219-20.
  48.   .   Moosvi Shreen, “Mughal Shipping”, Indian History Congress, 51st session, (Culcutta-1990), 
  49.          P.395.
  50.   .   Ibid. P.403.
  51.   .   Ibid. PP. 403-404,
  52.   .   Ibid. P. 404,
  53.   .    Ibid. P. 402,
  54.   .    Lal.K.S, Op.Cit, P.96.
  55.   .    Ibid. P.96.
  56.   .    Dayal Maheswar, “Rediscovering Delhi The Story of Shahjahanabad”, (New Delhi- 1975), PP, 15-16.

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